Firstly, to what extent is ULLT practically useful for rectangular wings, despite theoretical limitations? And secondly, to what extent is a complicated wake model needed in the outer solution for good accuracy? This paper aims to answer these questions by presenting a complete ULLT based on the work of Sclavounos, along with a novel ULLT that considers only the streamwise vorticity and a Prandtl-like pseudosteady ULLT. Renewed interest in the method has drawn attention to several uncertainties however. Frequency-domain unsteady lifting-line theory (ULLT) provides a means by which the aerodynamics of oscillating wings may be studied at low computational cost without neglecting the interacting effects of aspect ratio and oscillation frequency.
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